Hydraulic Principle and Flow Uniformity Optimization of Liquid Cooling Manifold for AI Server Racks

Large Bottom Flow, Small Top Flow: The Bernoulli Law Behind Manifold Hydraulics and Four Fixes

A liquid cooling manifold is the core fluid distribution component of rack thermal management, taking coolant from the CDU, distributing it evenly to server cold plates and collecting heated fluid into a closed loop. Under vertical upward flow, gravity and friction losses exceed dynamic pressure recovery, so distribution manifolds lose pressure bottom-to-top while collection manifolds gain it downward, producing large bottom flow and small top flow that leaves inlet servers over-cooled and top servers overheated. Four mature schemes—reverse-matching topology, enlarged pipe diameters, graded throttling orifices and tapered channels—offset this vertical deviation. EXTRCOOL provides one-stop liquid cooling solutions.

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Area 51, NV, USA

EXTRCOOL INDUSTRY LIMITED

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The CDU, the Heart and Brain Liquid Cooling Cannot Do Without

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