About 3-axis machining and 5-axis machining

Parts manufacturing techniques have greatly evolved over the past few years in response to the highly evolving needs of the various production sectors. Machining, which is one of the primary techniques, is done by removing shavings from raw materials

What are the main things that differentiate 3-axis machining from its 5-axis variant?

Traditional 3-Axis Machining

3-axis machining is one of the most widely used techniques to make mechanical parts. For many decades, it has been well known to manufacturers and other players in the industrial sector, as well as in many other domains like architecture, design and art.

It is a relatively simple process that allows the material to be worked on 3 axes (X,Y and Z). The machining tool then proceeds to remove shavings in three basic directions corresponding to the axis of a flat surface. It is very suitable for parts that are not too deep, but this will be limited when trying to handle a deeper part with narrow cavities. The work can then become more labor-intensive and renders a finish that is less than perfect.

5-Axis Machining: A More Advanced Technology

As its name indicates, 5-axis machining uses a tool that moves in five different directions corresponding to the 3 linear X, Y and Z axes, to which are added two axes, A and B or С, around which the tool rotates.

With such a configuration, the part can be approached from all directions and can be worked from five sides in a single operation. Unlike 3-axis machining, this technique is extremely suitable for deeper parts made from harder materials, and it guarantees a high degree of precision due to using shorter machining tools. The machining speed is also faster, while tool vibration is reduced.

In addition, whereas operating 3-axis machining is simpler, 5-axis machining requires longer preparation time but less material handling.

Over the past few years, a lot of hardware and software have been developed enabling full computer-based control of the machining tools used for 5-axis machining. These digital controls enable the efficient handling of a multitude of materials and curved surfaces with a high degree of precision. This kind of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) also allows for the process to be partially or completely automated. In addition to high-quality, precision products, this technology also has many advantages. There are faster machining speeds, higher yields, and the ability to manufacture very large-sized parts, etc.